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For this unit there are 302 MP3 files, each containing a question and corresponding answer.
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Podcasts are colour-coded to indicate the following:
| Level | Description | Show |
|---|---|---|
| BRONZE | Straightforward questions which do not require in-depth analysis. Questions require short answers and involve students demonstrating knowledge and understanding of key theoretical content. |
|
| SILVER | Questions requiring more direct thinking, explanation and involve students being able to describe and apply knowledge to sporting contexts. |
|
| GOLD | More challenging questions, ideal for students aiming for a top grade. Questions require a deeper understanding of theoretical content in order to explain, apply, analyse and evaluate how factors affect performance and participation in physical activity and sport. |
1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology
1.1.a The structure and function of the skeletal system 
| 1 | Which are the two main bones that make up the shoulder joint? |  |
| 2 | What is the scientific name for the collar bone? | |
| 3 | The elbow joint is made up of which three bones? | |
| 4 | What collection of bones protects your brain from injury? | |
| 5 | Which two bones make up the hip? | |
| 6 | Which bones make up the thoracic cage and provide protection to your heart and lungs? | |
| 7 | At what joint are the femur and tibia found? | |
| 8 | Where is the patella found? | |
| 9 | What is another name for the human spine? | |
| 10 | Which structures of the skeleton make up the ankle joint? | |
| 11 | What structures of the skeleton make up the wrist joint? | |
| 12 | Which bones make up the fingers and toes in the hand and foot? | |
| 13 | Which bones are located between the carpals and phalanges in the hand? | |
| 14 | Which bones are located between the tarsals and phalanges in the foot? | |
| 15 | How does the skeletal system have a role in respiration? | |
| 16 | How does the skeletal system enable us to move? | |
| 17 | Give an example of how the skeletal system provides protection during physical activity | |
| 18 | Explain why mineral storage is an important role of the skeleton | |
| 19 | Give a sporting example of how the skeletal system provides support and posture | |
| 20 | Name the three main hinge joints found in the body | |
| 21 | What is a synovial joint? | |
| 22 | What type of joints are the shoulder and hip? | |
| 23 | What type of movement can occur at hinge joints? | |
| 24 | When running the knee performs which two movements? | |
| 25 | Give an example of flexion and extension at the elbow | |
| 26 | Give three movements that can occur at the shoulder | |
| 27 | Bowling in cricket is associated with what movement at the shoulder? | |
| 28 | What is circumduction and at what joint can it occur? | |
| 29 | What is flexion? | |
| 30 | What type of movement occurs when the angle between two bones increases? | |
| 31 | Define adduction and abduction | |
| 32 | What is rotation? | |
| 33 | What type of movement occurs at the elbow during the upwards phase of a push-up? | |
| 34 | Why is the action of the elbow considered flexion during the downwards phase of a push-up? | |
| 35 | What type of movement occurs at the shoulder when bowling a cricket ball? | |
| 36 | What type of action is a gymnast performing when they move their arms from a central position to an outstretched position on the rings? | |
| 37 | Give an example of flexion and extension at the hip | |
| 38 | Describe the upper body movements a tennis player makes when performing a forehand shot | |
1.1.b The structure and function of the muscular system
| 39 | Describe cartilage and its role in preventing injury | |
| 40 | How do ligaments prevent injury? | |
| 41 | What is the role of the tendon at the joint? | |
| 42 | Which two main muscles are found in the upper leg? | |
| 43 | Name two muscles found in the upper arm | |
| 44 | Which muscle enables abduction at the shoulder? | |
| 45 | The latissimus dorsi is one of the biggest muscles found where in the body? | |
| 46 | Which muscles make up the buttocks? | |
| 47 | Which muscles are found in the chest? | |
| 48 | Name the muscle that allows flexion at the knee and the muscle that allows extension at the knee | |
| 49 | What movements do the biceps and triceps allow at the elbow? | |
| 50 | Name the muscle that contracts to allow plantar flexion at the ankle. | |
| 51 | Lifting your arm in front of you and above your head is an example of what movement at the shoulder? | |
| 52 | The gluteals contract and cause what movement at the hip? | |
| 53 | Which muscles enable us to sit up? | |
| 54 | At what joint do the rotator cuffs and deltoids, pectorals, latissimus dorsi and trapezius operate? | |
| 55 | State where the abdominals are found in the body and give an example of a sporting movement that they are needed for | |
| 56 | What muscles are responsible for causing flexion of the shoulder when throwing the tennis ball up during a serve? | |
| 57 | What types of sporting movement can the latissimus dorsi perform? | |
| 58 | Explain how muscles work together in order to move a joint | |
| 59 | What is another name for a prime mover? | |
| 60 | Name two muscles of the upper leg that act as an antagonistic pair | |
| 61 | Which two muscles act antagonistically during a press-up? | |
| 62 | The hip flexors act as the agonist during flexion of the hip, what muscles act as the antagonist? | |
| 63 | What is a fixator muscle? | |
1.1.c Movement analysis: lever systems
| 64 | Name the three components of levers | |
| 65 | How many classes of lever systems are there? | |
| 66 | Describe the order of the fulcrum, load, and effort in a first-class lever system | |
| 67 | What type of lever is found at the neck when a football player heads the ball? | |
| 68 | Describe the order of the fulcrum, load, and effort in a second-class lever system | |
| 69 | In which class of lever is the effort found between the fulcrum and the load? | |
| 70 | What type of lever is found at the arm during the extension phase of a bicep curl? | |
| 71 | Which parts of the body make up the fulcrum, load and effort during a press-up and which class of lever system is it? | |
| 72 | Which class of lever system is operating during the upwards phase of a bicep curl where the biceps represent the effort, the weight is the load, and the elbow is the fulcrum? | |
| 73 | Which class of lever system is operating when a gymnast raises and lowers the weight of their body on their toes and what is the fulcrum, load, and effort during this action? | |
| 74 | How can you work out the mechanical advantage of a lever? | |
| 75 | Which class of levers provide a mechanical advantage? | |
| 76 | What effect does a mechanical advantage have on a lever? | |
| 77 | When does a mechanical disadvantage occur? | |
| 78 | What is the benefit of operating with a mechanical disadvantage? | |
| 79 | What is the disadvantage of operating with a mechanical disadvantage? | |
| 80 | Is there a mechanical advantage or disadvantage when performing the upwards phase of a bicep curl? | |
1.1.c Movement analysis: planes of movement and axes of rotation
| 81 | What is a plane of movement? | |
| 82 | What is an axis of movement? | |
| 83 | What are the three planes of movement called? | |
| 84 | What are the three axes of rotation called? | |
| 85 | Which plane separates the body into left and right? | |
| 86 | How does the frontal plane separate the body? | |
| 87 | Which plane separates the body into top and bottom halves? | |
| 88 | What plane and axis does a full vertical twist in trampolining occur in? | |
| 89 | What plane and axis does the leg move in during a rugby kick | |
| 90 | What plane and axis does a cartwheel occur in? | |
| 91 | What plane and axis does a front-tucked somersault occur in? | |
| 92 | A gymnast may perform several movements in a floor routine and rotate around all three axes. Describe a floor routine and the movements performed which use all three axes. | |
| 93 | A dancer starts their routine by performing a 360� pirouette, then leaps backwards, before finishing with a star jump. Identify the three planes of movement the dancer moves through in order of their routine. | |
1.1.d The structure and functions of the cardiovascular system
| 94 | What two systems make up the double-circulatory system? | |
| 95 | What is the role of the systemic system? | |
| 96 | What is the role of the pulmonary system? | |
| 97 | What is the cardiovascular system responsible for transporting to the working muscles? | |
| 98 | Name one feature veins have that arteries don't | |
| 99 | Describe the structure of the arteries | |
| 100 | How do the capillaries enable a good site for gaseous exchange? | |
| 101 | Explain how the structure of the arteries helps them perform their role | |
| 102 | How does the structure of the capillaries help them perform their function? | |
| 103 | Explain the structure of veins and how their structure relates to their function | |
| 104 | What are the upper chambers of the heart called? | |
| 105 | What are the lower chambers of the heart called? | |
| 106 | What structure separates the left and right ventricles? | |
| 107 | Name the three valves found in the heart | |
| 108 | Explain the role of valves found in the heart during the cardiac cycle | |
| 109 | What is the name of the vein which transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart? | |
| 110 | What is the role of the aorta in the cardiac cycle? | |
| 111 | What is the role of the pulmonary vein in the cardiac cycle? | |
| 112 | Which blood vessel transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? | |
| 113 | What happens during diastole? | |
| 114 | During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the blood ejected from the ventricles? | |
| 115 | Describe the pathway of blood from when the blood returns to the heart | |
| 116 | Describe the term 'heart rate' and state what units it is measured in | |
| 117 | What term is used to describe the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with every beat? | |
| 118 | What is cardiac output? | |
| 119 | What is the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate? | |
| 120 | What is the role of red blood cells in the cardiovascular system? | |
| 121 | How is oxygen transported in the blood? | |
| 122 | How does the cardiovascular system aid recovery from exercise? | |
1.1.d The structure and function of the respiratory system
| 123 | Describe the location and role of the lungs | |
| 124 | What role does the mouth and nose play in the respiratory system? | |
| 125 | What is the anatomical name for the windpipe? | |
| 126 | Which structure of the respiratory system branches into the right and left lungs? | |
| 127 | What are the bronchioles? | |
| 128 | Where does oxygen diffuse into the blood? | |
| 129 | How thick are the walls of the alveoli? | |
| 130 | What is the advantage of the alveoli having a thin wall? | |
| 131 | What happens during diffusion? | |
| 132 | Explain how the features of the alveoli assist gaseous exchange | |
| 133 | Describe the pathway of oxygen from the air to the bloodstream | |
| 134 | What three structures are responsible for breathing? | |
| 135 | What is the diaphragm? | |
| 136 | What happens when the diaphragm contracts? | |
| 137 | How do the intercostal muscles aid inspiration? | |
| 138 | Explain the process of inspiration | |
| 139 | Explain the process of expiration | |
| 140 | What effect does exercise have on expiration? | |
| 141 | What term is used to describe the amount of times a person breathes each minute? | |
| 142 | What is a spirometer trace? | |
| 143 | What is the tidal volume? | |
| 144 | What is minute ventilation? | |
| 145 | What is the equation that links tidal volume, breathing rate and minute ventilation? | |
| 146 | How does a typical spirometer trace change when taken at rest and during exercise? | |
1.1.d Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
| 147 | What is aerobic exercise? | |
| 148 | What type of exercise occurs in the absence of oxygen? | |
| 149 | What type of exercise is sprinting? | |
| 150 | What type of exercise is marathon running? | |
| 151 | Which waste product is produced during anaerobic exercise? | |
| 152 | What is the equation to summarise aerobic exercise? | |
| 153 | What is the equation to summarise anaerobic exercise? | |
| 154 | What are the three by-products of aerobic exercise? | |
| 155 | What happens when oxygen consumption does not meet the oxygen demands of exercise? | |
| 156 | What type of exercise is carbohydrate a source of fuel for? | |
| 157 | What type of exercise is fat a fuel source for? | |
| 158 | What type of exercise is performed during team games such as hockey and basketball? | |
| 159 | What two factors determine whether exercise will be aerobic or anaerobic? | |
| 160 | Explain why team games such as football and hockey involve a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic exercise | |
| 161 | Explain how the intensity of running can be altered in order to make it aerobic or anaerobic exercise | |
1.1.e Effects of exercise on the body
| 162 | When do the short-term effects of exercise occur? | |
| 163 | When do the long-term effects of exercise take place? | |
| 164 | Why does blood get redistributed towards the working muscles when exercise starts? | |
| 165 | How does training regularly affect the musculoskeletal system in the long term? | |
| 166 | What are the short-term effects of exercise on respiration and why does this occur? | |
| 167 | Why do the heart rate and stroke volume increase during exercise? | |
| 168 | What short-term effects occur during exercise which affect the cardiac system? | |
| 169 | What are the short-term effects of exercise on the muscles and how does this affect performance? | |
| 170 | What is vascular shunting? | |
| 171 | Identify six components of fitness that could be improved as a result of long-term exercise | |
| 172 | What effect can regular exercise have on an individual's bones and muscles? | |
| 173 | Explain how blood flow can be redistributed during exercise | |
| 174 | How do the respiratory system and cardiovascular system work together to recover from exercise? | |
| 175 | How does training regularly affect the cardiac system in the long term? | |
| 176 | How does training regularly affect the respiratory system in the long term? | |
| 177 | Explain the long-term effects of regular exercise on the heart | |
1.2 Physical Training
1.2.a Components of fitness
| 178 | What is agility? | |
| 179 | Why is agility an important component of fitness in team games? | |
| 180 | Why is agility not an important component of fitness for 100 m sprinters? | |
| 181 | What is balance? | |
| 182 | Name four components of fitness which are important for a gymnast | |
| 183 | Which component of fitness is related to an individual�s ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles in order to allow prolonged exercise to occur? | |
| 184 | What type of sports require cardiovascular endurance? | |
| 185 | What is coordination? | |
| 186 | Why is coordination an important skill in sports such as cricket and golf? | |
| 187 | Which component of fitness allows a performer to achieve a large range of movement at a joint? | |
| 188 | Why is flexibility an important component of fitness in dance? | |
| 189 | What is muscular endurance? | |
| 190 | Explain why rowing requires a high degree of muscular endurance | |
| 191 | What is power? | |
| 192 | Why is power an important component of fitness in sports such as cricket and baseball? | |
| 193 | Which component of fitness determines how quickly a performer will respond to a stimulus? | |
| 194 | Why is reaction time an important fitness component for athletics-track athletes? | |
| 195 | What is strength? | |
| 196 | Why is strength an important component of fitness in weightlifting? | |
| 197 | What is speed? | |
| 198 | Why is speed an important component of fitness in swimming? | |
| 199 | What is the Cooper 12-minute test used to measure? | |
| 200 | Outline the procedures of the Cooper 12-minute test | |
| 201 | What is the sit and reach test used to measure? | |
| 202 | How is the sit and reach test performed? | |
| 203 | What measurement is taken from the sit and reach test to measure flexibility? | |
| 204 | Why is the sit and reach test inappropriate for some sports? | |
| 205 | What two tests can be used to measure muscular endurance? | |
| 206 | How are the one-minute sit-up and press-up tests performed? | |
| 207 | Explain why using a sit-up bleep test or a one-minute press-up test may not be appropriate for runners | |
| 208 | How can power be measured? | |
| 209 | How is the vertical jump test performed? | |
| 210 | What is the handgrip dynamometer test used to measure? | |
| 211 | Describe why the handgrip dynamometer test may not be an appropriate measure of strength for all sports | |
| 212 | How is the handgrip dynamometer test conducted? | |
| 213 | What fitness test is used to measure speed? | |
| 214 | Name one limitation of the 30 m sprint test that may affect its reliability and provide a method that could be used to overcome this issue | |
| 215 | What test is generally used to measure agility? | |
| 216 | How is the Illinois agility test carried out? | |
| 217 | What units is the Illinois agility test measured in? | |
| 218 | What test can be used to measure balance? | |
| 219 | What does the balance stork test involve? | |
| 220 | What is the multi-stage fitness test used to measure? | |
| 221 | Outline the procedures of the multi-stage fitness test | |
| 222 | How is a score obtained from the multi-stage fitness test? | |
| 223 | What can be determined from using the level and shuttle result of an athlete competing in the multi-stage fitness test? | |
| 224 | Which test requires the performer to throw a ball against a wall and catch it in the opposite hand as many times as possible in 30 seconds? | |
| 225 | What does the wall toss test measure? | |
| 226 | How are conclusions drawn from the results of the wall toss test? | |
| 227 | What is the ruler drop test used to measure? | |
| 228 | How is the ruler drop test performed? | |
| 229 | How is maximal strength measured? | |
| 230 | What does the one-rep max test involve? | |
| 231 | What unit is used to measure a one-rep max? | |
| 232 | Give a limitation of sub-maximal fitness tests | |
| 233 | Explain why fitness testing may be carried out by a coach or athlete | |
| 234 | Explain why fitness tests performed in a laboratory may not be relevant for certain sports | |
| 235 | Explain the limitations of fitness testing | |
1.2.b Principles of training
| 236 | What are the principles of training? | |
| 237 | What is meant by specificity? | |
| 238 | It is important that swimmers perform most of their training in the water because of which principle of training? | |
| 239 | What is meant by overload? | |
| 240 | What is meant by progression? | |
| 241 | What is meant by reversibility? | |
| 242 | Which principle of training relates to a performer�s strength being reduced following a two-week holiday in the middle of their season? | |
| 243 | Which principle of training relates to a performer increasing the amount of weight that they bench press from 50 kg to 55 kg because they are now able to easily complete their training at 50 kg? | |
| 244 | If a 400 m runner completes a training race but is not out of breath, what principle of training have they not applied and what should they do in the future? | |
| 245 | Explain how a cycling coach could use the SPORT principles of training to ensure that their training programme is effective | |
1.2.b Optimising training (training)
| 246 | Name the four key principles of overload | |
| 247 | The number of training sessions performed in one week relates to which principle of overload? | |
| 248 | Which FITT principle of overload determines the amount of time each training session lasts for? | |
| 249 | If a coach increased the speed that their running group ran at, which principle of overload would they be targeting? | |
| 250 | How can the frequency principle of overload be adjusted? | |
| 251 | What does the time principle of overload relate to? | |
| 252 | Which principle of overload is a football coach manipulating if they replace one football session a week with a boxercise session? | |
| 253 | How can the type of training be altered in order to bring about overload? | |
| 254 | If a coach makes all of an athlete�s training sessions into one and a half hour sessions rather than one hour sessions, which principle of overload are they using? | |
| 255 | Explain how a netball coach could use the FITT principles of overload to ensure that their athletes continue to make improvements as they adapt to the demands of training | |
| 256 | What type of training involves steady state exercise for a prolonged period of time? | |
| 257 | Which two components of fitness does continuous training have the largest effect on? | |
| 258 | What types of physical activity is continuous training appropriate for? | |
| 259 | What is the minimum amount of time that should be spent performing continuous training? | |
| 260 | What is fartlek training? | |
| 261 | Why is fartlek training useful for games players? | |
| 262 | What type of training involves intermittent periods of high-intensity exercise with periods of recovery or low-intensity exercise? | |
| 263 | Is interval training more appropriate for aerobic or anaerobic activities? | |
| 264 | How can interval training be altered to make it harder? | |
| 265 | What is plyometric training? | |
| 266 | What component of fitness is plyometric training useful for? | |
| 267 | How is high-intensity interval training carried out? | |
| 268 | What is HIIT? | |
| 269 | What is circuit training? | |
| 270 | How can circuit training be altered in order to increase or reduce the demands? | |
| 271 | Identify three ways circuit training can be altered in order to train different fitness components | |
| 272 | How can weightlifting be adjusted in order to train strength or muscular endurance? | |
| 273 | Name four components of fitness that can be improved by weight training | |
| 274 | Which methods of training would be most appropriate for a sprinter to use in their training programme in order to increase their speed? | |
| 275 | How could a weightlifter reduce the risk of injury during training? | |
| 276 | Explain how an athlete can adapt their weightlifting training sessions depending on which components of fitness they want to train | |
1.2.b Optimising training (warm-up and cool-down)
| 277 | What should be performed before undertaking physical activity or exercise in order to reduce the risk of injury and prepare the athlete? | |
| 278 | What is the main purpose of a warm-up? | |
| 279 | In team sports such as hockey and football, who do they take part in light jogging as part of their warm-ups? | |
| 280 | Why do swimmers perform a swimming routine before a race rather than a running routine? | |
| 281 | Why do goalball players practise taking shots prior to a match? | |
| 282 | Identify the main constituent parts of warming up. | |
| 283 | Explain the benefits of warming up | |
| 284 | What should the cool-down include? | |
| 285 | Why do cyclists continue to cycle after they have finished a race rather than immediately stopping? | |
| 286 | What is the main importance of a cool-down after exercise? | |
| 287 | What are the basic components of a cool-down? | |
| 288 | Explain the benefits of cooling down | |
1.2.c Preventing injury in physical activity and sport
| 289 | What is personal protective equipment? | |
| 290 | Provide some examples of protective equipment being used in sports | |
| 291 | During training for contact sports, what should players do in order to reduce the risk of injury? | |
| 292 | If a rugby player is completing a training session outside while it is raining, how could they reduce their chances of injury? | |
| 293 | What can an athlete who has previously injured a joint or muscle do before exercising to reduce the risk of re-injuring themselves? | |
| 294 | When a coach plans a training programme, what should they consider in order to reduce the risk of injury to an athlete? | |
| 295 | What considerations should be made during a warm-up in order to reduce the chance of injury? | |
| 296 | When setting up a training session which uses heavy equipment such as weights, what is it important to do? | |
| 297 | How can an appropriate level of competition prevent injuries occurring? | |
| 298 | When performing a risk assessment in a sports hall, what should a coach look out for? | |
| 299 | When performing a risk assessment in a fitness centre, what should a coach look out for? | |
| 300 | When performing a risk assessment on a playing field, what should a coach look out for? | |
| 301 | When performing a risk assessment on an artificial outdoor area, what should a coach look out for? | |
| 302 | When performing a risk assessment in a swimming pool, what should a coach look out for? | |