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For this unit there are 346 MP3 files, each containing a question and corresponding answer.
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Podcasts are colour-coded to indicate the following:
| Level | Description | Show |
|---|---|---|
| BRONZE | Straightforward questions which do not require in-depth analysis. Questions require short answers and involve students demonstrating knowledge and understanding of key theoretical content. |
|
| SILVER | Questions requiring more direct thinking, explanation and involve students being able to describe and apply knowledge to sporting contexts. |
|
| GOLD | More challenging questions, ideal for students aiming for a top grade. Questions require a deeper understanding of theoretical content in order to explain, apply, analyse and evaluate how factors affect performance and participation in physical activity and sport. |
3.1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology
3.1.1.1 The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system 
| 1 | Which are the two main bones that make up the shoulder joint? | |
| 2 | The elbow joint is made up of which three bones? |  |
| 3 | What collection of bones protects your brain from injury? | |
| 4 | Which two bones make up the hip? | |
| 5 | Which bones make up the thoracic cage and provide protection to your heart and lungs? | |
| 6 | At what joint are the femur and tibia found? | |
| 7 | Where is the patella found? | |
| 8 | What is another name for the human spine? | |
| 9 | The ankle joint is made up of which three major bones? | |
| 10 | Give two ways the skeleton provides a framework to allow us to move | |
| 11 | Which three factors affect movement of the skeletal system? | |
| 12 | Describe how short bones and long bones determine the movement at the joints they form | |
| 13 | Describe the role of flat bones and give an example | |
| 14 | Name the functions of the skeletal system | |
| 15 | How does the skeletal system have a role in respiration? | |
| 16 | How does the skeletal system enable us to move? | |
| 17 | Give an example of how the skeletal system provides protection during physical activity | |
| 18 | Which two main muscles are found in the upper leg? | |
| 19 | The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are found where in the body? | |
| 20 | Name two muscles found in the upper arm | |
| 21 | Which muscle enables abduction at the shoulder? | |
| 22 | The rotor cuff is found where in the body? | |
| 23 | Which muscles enable us to sit up? | |
| 24 | The latissimus dorsi is one of the biggest muscles found where in the body? | |
| 25 | Which muscles make up the buttocks? | |
| 26 | Which group of muscles are responsible for producing flexion at the hip? | |
| 27 | Which muscles are found in the chest? | |
| 28 | Describe cartilage and its role in preventing injury | |
| 29 | How do ligaments prevent injury? | |
| 30 | What is the role of the tendon at the joint? | |
| 31 | Describe the bursa and its role in preventing injury | |
| 32 | Describe the joint capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid, and their role in preventing injury | |
| 33 | Name the three main hinge joints found in the body | |
| 34 | What type of joints are the shoulder and hip? | |
| 35 | What type of movement can occur at hinge joints? | |
| 36 | When running the knee performs which two movements? | |
| 37 | Give an example of flexion and extension at the elbow | |
| 38 | Give three movements that can occur at the shoulder | |
| 39 | Bowling in cricket is associated with what movement at the shoulder? | |
| 40 | What is the movement associated with pointing the toes? | |
| 41 | What movement involves reducing the angle between the toes and the front of the lower leg? | |
| 42 | During the upward phase of a squat, name the two movements that occur at the knee and the ankle | |
| 43 | Name the muscle that allows flexion at the knee and the muscle that allows extension at the knee | |
| 44 | What movements do the biceps and triceps allow at the elbow? | |
| 45 | Name the muscle that contracts to allow plantar flexion at the ankle. | |
| 46 | The tibialis anterior causes what movement at what joint? | |
| 47 | At what joint do the rotator cuffs and deltoids, pectorals, latissimus dorsi and trapezius operate? | |
| 48 | Lifting your arm in front of you and above your head is an example of what movement at the shoulder? | |
| 49 | The gluteals contract and cause what movement at the hip? | |
| 50 | Explain how muscles work together in order to move a joint | |
| 51 | What is another name for a prime mover? | |
| 52 | Name two muscles of the upper leg that act as an antagonistic pair | |
| 53 | Explain the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions | |
| 54 | Name the two forms of isotonic muscle contraction and explain the difference between them | |
| 55 | What tupe of muscle contraction occurs during an even tug of war when neither side is moving? | |
| 56 | What is an isotonic concentric contraction? | |
| 57 | What is an isotonic eccentric contraction? | |
| 58 | During a tug of war what type of contraction occurs? | |
| 59 | During a bicep curl what type of contraction is occurring at the bicep as the weight is lowered? | |
3.1.1.2 The structure and functions of the cardiorespiratory system
| 60 | Which structure of the respiratory system branches into the right and left lungs? | |
| 61 | What is the anatomical name for the windpipe? | |
| 62 | Describe the pathway of oxygen from the air to the bloodstream | |
| 63 | What role does the mouth and nose play in the respiratory system? | |
| 64 | Where does oxygen diffuse into the blood? | |
| 65 | How thick are the walls of the alveoli? | |
| 66 | What is the advantage of the alveoli having a thin wall? | |
| 67 | What happens during diffusion? | |
| 68 | Explain how the features of the alveoli assist gaseous exchange | |
| 69 | How do the capillaries enable a good site for gaseous exchange? | |
| 70 | How is oxygen transported in the blood? | |
| 71 | Describe the structure of the arteries | |
| 72 | Explain how the structure of the arteries helps them perform their role | |
| 73 | Name one feature veins have that arteries don't | |
| 74 | Explain the structure of veins and how their structure relates to their function | |
| 75 | How does the structure of the capillaries help them perform their function? | |
| 76 | Explain how blood flow can be redistributed during exercise | |
| 77 | What are the upper chambers of the heart called? | |
| 78 | What are the lower chambers of the heart called? | |
| 79 | What happens during diastole? | |
| 80 | During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the blood ejected from the ventricles? | |
| 81 | Which blood vessel transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? | |
| 82 | What is the role of the pulmonary vein in the cardiac cycle? | |
| 83 | What is the role of the aorta in the cardiac cycle? | |
| 84 | Describe the pathway of blood from when the blood returns to the heart | |
| 85 | Explain the role of valves found in the heart during the cardiac cycle | |
| 86 | What is an anticipatory rise? | |
| 87 | What is cardiac output? | |
| 88 | What term is used to describe the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with every beat? | |
| 89 | Describe the term 'heart rate' and state what units it is measured in | |
| 90 | What is the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate? | |
| 91 | What three structures are responsible for breathing? | |
| 92 | How do the intercostal muscles aid inspiration? | |
| 93 | What is the role of the ribs during inspiration and expiration? | |
| 94 | What happens when the diaphragm contracts? | |
| 95 | Explain the process of inspiration | |
| 96 | Explain the process of expiration | |
| 97 | What effect does exercise have on inspiration? | |
| 98 | Which two muscles allow the lungs to expand more during exercise? | |
| 99 | What effect does exercise have on expiration? | |
| 100 | Which muscles are responsible for pulling the ribcage down more rapidly during exercise? | |
| 101 | What is a spirometer trace? | |
| 102 | What is the tidal volume? | |
| 103 | What term is used to describe the extra amount of air that can be exhaled above the tidal volume? | |
| 104 | What is the inspiratory reserve volume? | |
| 105 | What is the residual volume? | |
| 106 | How does a typical spirometer trace change when taken at rest and during exercise? | |
3.1.1.3 Anaerobic and aerobic exercise
| 107 | What is aerobic exercise? | |
| 108 | What type of exercise occurs in the absence of oxygen? | |
| 109 | What type of exercise is sprinting? | |
| 110 | What two factors determine whether exercise will be aerobic or anaerobic? | |
| 111 | What type of exercise is marathon running? | |
| 112 | What type of exercise is performed during team games such as hockey and basketball? | |
| 113 | Explain why team games such as football and hockey involve a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic exercise | |
| 114 | Explain how the intensity of running can be altered in order to make it aerobic or anaerobic exercise | |
| 115 | Which waste product is produced during anaerobic exercise? | |
| 116 | What is the equation to summarise aerobic exercise? | |
| 117 | What is the equation to summarise anaerobic exercise? | |
| 118 | What are the three by-products of aerobic exercise? | |
| 119 | What does EPOC stand for? | |
| 120 | Define what is meant by EPOC | |
| 121 | What type of exercise leads to EPOC? | |
| 122 | What happens when oxygen consumption does not meet the oxygen demands of exercise? | |
| 123 | Name three methods that can be used to help recover from exercise | |
| 124 | What is the main importance of a cool-down after exercise? | |
| 125 | What are the basic components of a cool-down? | |
| 126 | Why should carbohydrates be consumed after exercise? | |
| 127 | What's the importance of drinking water after exercise? | |
| 128 | What does DOMS stand for? | |
| 129 | What is delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)? | |
| 130 | What method of recovery can prevent DOMS? | |
| 131 | How would a marathon runner manipulate their diet in order to recover from a marathon? | |
| 132 | How would a weightlifter manipulate their diet in order to recover from a weights session? | |
3.1.1.4 The short- and long-term effects of exercise
| 133 | What are the immediate effects of exercise? | |
| 134 | When do the immediate effects of exercise take place? | |
| 135 | Is fatigue an immediate or short-term effect of exercise? | |
| 136 | When do the short-term effects of exercise occur? | |
| 137 | Name four short-term effects of exercise | |
| 138 | Explain the long-term effects of regular exercise on the heart | |
| 139 | Identify six components of fitness that could be improved as a result of long-term exercise | |
| 140 | What effect can regular exercise have on an individual's physical appearance? | |
| 141 | When do the long-term effects of exercise take place? | |
3.1.2 Movement Analysis
3.1.2.1 Lever systems, examples of their use in activity and the mechanical advantage they provide in movement
| 142 | Name the three components of levers | |
| 143 | How many classes of lever systems are there? | |
| 144 | Describe the order of the fulcrum, load, and effort in a first-class lever system | |
| 145 | In which class of lever is the effort found between the fulcrum and the load? | |
| 146 | Describe the order of the fulcrum, load, and effort in a second-class lever system | |
| 147 | What type of lever is found at the arm during the extension phase of a bicep curl? | |
| 148 | Which parts of the body make up the fulcrum, load and effort during a press-up and which class of lever system is it? | |
| 149 | Which class of lever system is operating during the upwards phase of a bicep curl where the biceps represent the effort, the weight is the load, and the elbow is the fulcrum? | |
| 150 | Which class of lever system is operating when a gymnast raises and lowers the weight of their body on their toes and what is the fulcrum, load, and effort during this action? | |
| 151 | How can you work out the mechanical advantage of a lever? | |
| 152 | Which class of levers provide a mechanical advantage? | |
| 153 | What effect does a mechanical advantage have on a lever? | |
| 154 | When does a mechanical disadvantage occur? | |
| 155 | What is the benefit of operating with a mechanical disadvantage? | |
| 156 | What is the disadvantage of operating with a mechanical disadvantage? | |
| 157 | Is there a mechanical advantage or disadvantage when performing the upwards phase of a bicep curl? | |
| 158 | What is flexion? | |
| 159 | What type of movement occurs when the angle between two bones increases? | |
| 160 | Define adduction and abduction | |
| 161 | What is rotation? | |
| 162 | What type of movement is described as pointing of the toes downwards? | |
| 163 | What is dorsiflexion? | |
| 164 | What type of movement occurs at the elbow during the upwards phase of a push-up? | |
| 165 | Why is the action of the elbow considered flexion during the downwards phase of a push-up? | |
| 166 | What types of movement occur at the knee and ankle during the downwards phase of a squat? | |
| 167 | What type of movement does a football player perform at the knee and ankle during the backswing and forward swing when kicking the ball? | |
| 168 | What type of movement occurs at the shoulder when bowling a cricket ball? | |
| 169 | What type of action is a gymnast performing when they move their arms from a central position to an outstretched position on the rings? | |
| 170 | Describe the upper body movements a tennis player makes when performing a forehand shot | |
3.1.2.2 Planes and axes of movement
| 171 | What is a plane of movement? | |
| 172 | What is an axis of movement? | |
| 173 | What are the three planes of movement called? | |
| 174 | What are the three axes of rotation called? | |
| 175 | Which plane separates the body into left and right? | |
| 176 | How does the frontal plane separate the body? | |
| 177 | Which plane separates the body into top and bottom halves? | |
| 178 | What plane and axis does a front somersault occur in? | |
| 179 | What plane and axis does a 360° ice skating spin occur in? | |
| 180 | What plane and axis does the leg move in during a rugby kick | |
| 181 | What plane and axis does a cartwheel occur in? | |
| 182 | What plane and axis does a javelin throw occur in? | |
| 183 | A gymnast may perform several movements in a floor routine and rotate around all three axes. Describe a floor routine and the movements performed which use all three axes. | |
| 184 | A dancer starts their routine by performing a 360° pirouette, then leaps backwards, before finishing with a star jump. Identify the three planes of movement the dancer moves through in order of their routine. | |
3.1.3 Physical Training
3.1.3.1 The relationship between health and fitness and the role that exercise plays in both
| 185 | Define what is meant by the term 'health' | |
| 186 | Define what is meant by the term 'fitness' | |
| 187 | What is the difference between health and fitness? | |
| 188 | Explain the relationship between health and fitness | |
| 189 | Explain how a lack of health due to a broken wrist could affect the fitness of a football player and a gymnast differently | |
3.1.3.2 The components of fitness, benefits for sport and how fitness is measured and improved
| 190 | What is agility? | |
| 191 | Why is agility an important component of fitness in team games? | |
| 192 | Why is agility not an important component of fitness for 100m sprinters? | |
| 193 | What is balance? | |
| 194 | Name four components of fitness which are important for a gymnast | |
| 195 | Which component of fitness is related to an individual's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles in order to allow prolonged exercise to occur? | |
| 196 | What type of sports require cardiovascular endurance? | |
| 197 | What is coordination? | |
| 198 | Why is coordination an important skill in sports such as cricket and golf? | |
| 199 | Which component of fitness allows a performer to achieve a large range of movement at a joint? | |
| 200 | Why is flexibility an important component of fitness in dance? | |
| 201 | What is muscular endurance? | |
| 202 | Explain why rowing requires a high degree of muscular endurance | |
| 203 | What is power? | |
| 204 | Why is power an important component of fitness in sports such as cricket and baseball? | |
| 205 | Which component of fitness determines how quickly a performer will respond to a stimulus? | |
| 206 | Why is reaction time an important fitness component for athletics-track athletes? | |
| 207 | What is strength? | |
| 208 | Why is strength an important component of fitness in weightlifting? | |
| 209 | Describe the difference between maximal strength and explosive strength | |
| 210 | Describe the difference between static and dynamic strength | |
| 211 | What type of strength is required to perform a high number of repetitions when weight training? | |
| 212 | What is speed? | |
| 213 | Why is speed an important component of fitness in swimming? | |
| 214 | Explain why fitness testing may be carried out by a coach or athlete | |
| 215 | Explain the limitations of fitness testing | |
| 216 | What is validity? | |
| 217 | How can the validity of fitness tests be increased? | |
| 218 | Give a limitation of sub-maximal fitness tests | |
| 219 | Explain why fitness tests performed in a laboratory may not be relevant for certain sports | |
| 220 | What test is generally used to measure agility? | |
| 221 | How is the Illinois agility test carried out? | |
| 222 | What units is the Illinois agility test measured in? | |
| 223 | What test can be used to measure balance? | |
| 224 | What does the balance stork test involve? | |
| 225 | What is the multi-stage fitness test used to measure? | |
| 226 | Outline the procedures of the multi-stage fitness test | |
| 227 | How is a score obtained from the multi-stage fitness test? | |
| 228 | What can be determined from using the level and shuttle result of an athlete competing in the multi-stage fitness test? | |
| 229 | Which test requires the performer to throw a ball against a wall and catch it in the opposite hand as many times as possible in 30 seconds? | |
| 230 | What does the wall toss test measure? | |
| 231 | How are conclusions drawn from the results of the wall toss test? | |
| 232 | How is the sit and reach test performed? | |
| 233 | What is the sit and reach test used to measure? | |
| 234 | What measurement is taken from the sit and reach test to measure flexibility? | |
| 235 | Why is the sit and reach test inappropriate for some sports? | |
| 236 | What test can be used to measure muscular endurance? | |
| 237 | How is the sit-up bleep test performed? | |
| 238 | What measurement is taken from the sit-up bleep test in order to provide information regarding muscular endurance? | |
| 239 | Explain why using a sit-up bleep test or a one-minute press-up test may not be appropriate for runners | |
| 240 | How can power be measured? | |
| 241 | How is the vertical jump test performed? | |
| 242 | What is the ruler drop test used to measure? | |
| 243 | How is the ruler drop test performed? | |
| 244 | How is maximal strength measured? | |
| 245 | What does the one-rep max test involve? | |
| 246 | What unit is used to measure a one-rep max? | |
| 247 | What is the handgrip dynamometer test used to measure? | |
| 248 | Describe why the handgrip dynamometer test may not be an appropriate measure of strength for all sports | |
| 249 | How is the handgrip dynamometer test conducted? | |
| 250 | What fitness test is used to measure speed? | |
| 251 | Name one limitation of the 30m sprint test that may affect its reliability and provide a method that could be used to overcome this issue | |
| 252 | What is qualitative data? | |
| 253 | What is quantitative data? | |
| 254 | Explain the benefit of quantitative data compared to qualitative data when attempting to identify how well an individual has performed | |
3.1.3.3 The principles of training and their application to personal exercise / training programmes
| 255 | What is the acronym for the principles of training? | |
| 256 | What principles of training are included in the acronym SPORT? | |
| 257 | What is meant by specificity? | |
| 258 | It is important that swimmers perform most of their training in the water because of which principle of training? | |
| 259 | What is meant by progressive overload? | |
| 260 | Which principle of training relates to a performer increasing the amount of weight that they bench press from 50 kg to 55 kg because they are now able to easily complete their training at 50 kg? | |
| 261 | What is meant by reversibility? | |
| 262 | Which principle of training relates to a performer's strength being reduced following a two-week holiday in the middle of their season? | |
| 263 | What is meant by tedium? | |
| 264 | Which principle of training explains the loss of motivation to train because training sessions are repetitive and boring? | |
| 265 | Explain how a cycling coach could use the SPORT principles of training to ensure that their training programme is effective | |
| 266 | Name the four key principles of overload | |
| 267 | Which FITT principle of overload determines the amount of time each training session lasts for? | |
| 268 | If a coach increased the speed that their running group ran at, which principle of overload would they be targeting? | |
| 269 | The number of training sessions performed in one week relates to which principle of overload? | |
| 270 | How can the frequency principle of overload be adjusted? | |
| 271 | What does the time principle of overload relate to? | |
| 272 | If a coach makes all of an athlete's training sessions into one and a half hour sessions rather than one hour sessions, which principle of overload are they using? | |
| 273 | How can the type of training be altered in order to bring about overload? | |
| 274 | Which principle of overload is a football coach manipulating if they replace one football session a week with a boxercise session? | |
| 275 | Explain how a netball coach could use the FITT principles of overload to ensure that their athletes continue to make improvements as they adapt to the demands of training | |
| 276 | What is circuit training? | |
| 277 | How can circuit training be altered in order to increase or reduce the demands? | |
| 278 | What type of training involves steady state exercise for a prolonged period of time? | |
| 279 | What types of physical activity is continuous training appropriate for? | |
| 280 | Which two components of fitness does continuous training have the largest effect on? | |
| 281 | What is the minimum amount of time that should be spent performing continuous training? | |
| 282 | What is fartlek training? | |
| 283 | Why is fartlek training useful for games players? | |
| 284 | What type of training involves intermittent periods of high-intensity exercise with periods of recovery or low-intensity exercise? | |
| 285 | How can interval training be altered to make it harder? | |
| 286 | Is interval training more appropriate for aerobic or anaerobic activities? | |
| 287 | Which component of fitness can static stretching improve? | |
| 288 | Which method of training is the most useful for gymnasts to use? | |
| 289 | Explain why static stretching is a useful training method for divers | |
| 290 | What does static stretching involve? | |
| 291 | What safety considerations should be taken into account when performing static stretching? | |
| 292 | How long should a static stretch be held for? | |
| 293 | What is plyometric training? | |
| 294 | What component of fitness is plyometric training useful for? | |
| 295 | How can weightlifting be adjusted in order to train strength or muscular endurance? | |
| 296 | How could a weightlifter reduce the risk of injury during training? | |
| 297 | Name four components of fitness that can be improved by weight training | |
| 298 | Which methods of training would be most appropriate for a sprinter to use in their training programme in order to increase their speed? | |
| 299 | What should a coach or athlete take into account when planning a training session? | |
| 300 | Explain why it is important that a rugby coach takes into account the training purposes and threshold when designing a training session | |
| 301 | Why is the amount of rest an important consideration when planning a training session | |
3.1.3.4 How to optimise training and prevent injury
| 302 | What is a training threshold? | |
| 303 | How do you calculate the maximum heart rate? | |
| 304 | Between what percentages of maximum heart rate is the aerobic training zone? | |
| 305 | Between what percentages of maximum heart rate is the anaerobic training zone? | |
| 306 | Identify three ways circuit training can be altered in order to train different fitness components | |
| 307 | How can a one-repetition maximum be determined through maximal methods? | |
| 308 | What percentage of a one-rep max should be used in order to train strength or power? | |
| 309 | What components of fitness would be being trained if weightlifting involved lifting weights below 70% of your one-rep max? | |
| 310 | Which component of fitness is being trained when weightlifting is performed with low weights and a high number of repetitions? | |
| 311 | Approximately how many reps should be completed when weight training for muscular endurance? | |
| 312 | Explain how an athlete can adapt their weightlifting training sessions depending on which components of fitness they want to train | |
| 313 | What considerations should be made during a warm-up in order to reduce the chance of injury? | |
| 314 | When a coach plans a training programme, what should they consider in order to reduce the risk of injury to an athlete? | |
| 315 | What can an athlete who has previously injured a joint or muscle do before exercising to reduce the risk of re-injuring themselves? | |
| 316 | What should an athlete do between training sessions in order to reduce the risk of injury? | |
| 317 | If a rugby player is completing a training session outside while it is raining, how could they reduce their chances of injury? | |
| 318 | Which component of fitness is high-altitude training most beneficial for? | |
| 319 | How does training at high altitude improve an athlete's cardiovascular endurance? | |
| 320 | Why does the body produce more red blood cells when training at altitude? | |
| 321 | Explain the process of altitude training | |
| 322 | What are the benefits of training at high altitude | |
| 323 | What are the limitations of training at high altitude? | |
| 324 | What type of athletes would benefit from high-altitude training? | |
| 325 | Is a marathon runner or a sprinter more likely to benefit from high-altitude training? | |
| 326 | Why can training at high altitude prevent athletes from completing all of their training? | |
| 327 | Name the three training seasons | |
| 328 | What happens during the pre-season training season? | |
| 329 | During which training season would a swimmer attempt to increase their aerobic fitness from their baseline level? | |
| 330 | What happens during the competition season of training? | |
| 331 | What would a tennis player do during the competition season of training? | |
| 332 | Which season lasts the longest amount of time? | |
| 333 | During which training season would a netball player spend a lot of time practising their shooting? | |
| 334 | What happens during the post-season training season? | |
| 335 | During which season would a wheelchair basketball player try to maintain a baseline level of fitness through the use of light aerobic training? | |
| 336 | Describe how a hockey player's training will change through the three training seasons | |
3.1.3.5 Effective use of a warm-up and cool-down
| 337 | What should be performed before undertaking physical activity or exercise in order to reduce the risk of injury and prepare the athlete? | |
| 338 | What is the main purpose of a warm-up? | |
| 339 | In team sports such as hockey and football, who do they take part in light jogging as part of their warm-ups? | |
| 340 | Why do swimmers perform a swimming routine before a race rather than a running routine? | |
| 341 | Why do goalball players practise taking shots prior to a match? | |
| 342 | Identify the main constituent parts of warming up. | |
| 343 | What should the cool-down include? | |
| 344 | Why do cyclists continue to cycle after they have finished a race rather than immediately stopping? | |
| 345 | Explain the benefits of warming up | |
| 346 | Explain the benefits of cooling down | |